Going to college is not just a decision that affects teens but their parents as well. Rhiannon Schade is a college counselor at a company that helps bridge the gap and helps families navigate the college application process. She saves for her two-year-old daughter, but she has decided not to open a 529 college savings plan for the girl, who has a rare syndrome that may affect her ability or desire to pursue higher education.
“As a college counselor, I assumed that a 529 [savings plan] would be automatic for us,” Schade says. “After we learned about my daughter’s condition, I was forced to think more broadly about what it means to set aside money for your child’s future. She may choose to go to college or pursue some form of postsecondary education, but I want to understand and respect that she may also choose not to.”
Schade is one of many parents questioning whether a 529 plan is the best way to save for their children’s future. While her case is unusual in that a medical condition may affect her daughter’s future, some parents are leery of a plan that can only be used for higher education costs. Some parents worry about tying up so much money, based solely on the presumption that their child will definitely attend college. Others feel that their children would be better served by cash without restrictions, and still others imagine that by the time their child is going to college, free tuition programs will be the norm.
We asked financial experts whether 529s really are the best option for savings for kids. Here’s what they said:
What Is a 529 College Savings Plan?
A 529 is a tax-advantaged savings plan that allows people to save for future higher education costs. The downside, in most people’s eyes, is that 529 plans must be used for some sort of higher education. If the money is used for something else, full taxes and a penalty must be paid.
“If assets within the plan are not utilized for qualified educational expenses due to the child not attending college, not finishing college, or not using the entire account balance, the benefits are fully taxable with an additional 10 percent IRS penalty, and may require the contributors to pay back any tax deductions received by contributing towards the plan,” explains Tyler Boling, a financial advisor with Reed Financial in Glastonbury, Conn.
What Happens if Your Child Doesn’t Go to College?
Experts pointed out that, while the funds in 529 plans must be used for higher education, there are ways to use the funds without penalty — even if the beneficiary doesn’t go to college or trade school.
“The good news is that the beneficiary on the account can be changed,” says Kristen Moon, the owner of Moon Prep, a service based in Atlanta, Ga., that guides teens through the admissions process. “The money can be transferred to a sibling. Also, if a parent decides to return to school, they can also use the money. The one criteria is that the money must be used for a qualified educational expense.”
If parents open an account and none of their kids attend school, the funds could even eventually be put in the name of a grandchild.
Ted Jenkin, a certified financial planner, said that he allocated money to his kids’ 529s with the ability to change beneficiaries in mind.
“I funded the oldest of my three with the most amount of money,” he says. “This way, whatever she didn’t use, I could change beneficiaries to my younger ones.”
What Are the Other Options?
Although 529 plans can be transferred within families, that wouldn’t help if free tuition programs become the norm within the next decade or two, as some people predict. Because of this, some parents are most comfortable avoiding 529 accounts.
Instead, they might consider a Roth IRA. Since colleges do not factor in retirement accounts when analyzing parents’ assets, this has the added benefit of potentially making your child eligible for additional financial aid.
“A Roth IRA is a great alternative to a 529 plan as the contributions to a Roth are after tax and accessible at any time without taxation,” Boling says. “This allows parents to cover multiple bases. If the child goes to college, they can withdraw their Roth contributions to help pay for college without any of it being counted towards the estimated family contribution. If the child doesn’t go to college, the parents have the assets within a retirement account and accessible without the constraints or possible penalties of the 529 plan unused assets.”
It’s important to note that, even though there’s no added penalty if you use Roth IRA funds to pay for qualified education expenses, you will still owe income taxes on the portion of the distribution that would otherwise have been subjected to income tax.
Another option is a custodial account, known as a UGMA account (because it was established under the Uniform Gift to Minors Act). These accounts allow minors to own assets, but Richard Barnes, a tax professor at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, says they are outdated due to the emergence of more sophisticated and appealing investment options.
“UGMA accounts have lost virtually all their former attractiveness,” he notes.
What’s the Bottom Line?
Whether to open a 529 account or save for your child in another way is ultimately a decision for you, your partner, and your financial adviser. However, Barnes points out that, whether or not they are ultimately used for higher education, 529 plans provide a great benefit: delaying taxes.
“CPAs and attorneys often talk about ‘a tax deferred is a tax destroyed,’” he says. “Money you have now, or save now, is more valuable than money you will acquire in the future. In business, this idea is referred to as the ‘time value of money.’ The point behind it is that when you put money into a 529 plan and invest it, at a minimum, you defer income tax on gains until they are withdrawn. Under the tax rules, you defeat income tax completely if the 529 proceeds are used for higher education or related expenses. If you do not use the final proceeds for higher education expenses, you pay income tax, at future rates, on the profits from the 529.”
That, he says, is one huge advantage of 529 plans that is often overlooked.
“When planning, consumers tend to focus on the immediate tax benefit of a tax-related move — we put money into a traditional 401(k) because we don’t have to pay tax on it today — but that is only part of the tax benefit and is often dwarfed by delayed tax on the earnings.”
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